Learn Fifty-six original college-level destinations implement material-process and geologic-time evidence: diagnostic observations, conserved budgets, stratigraphic order, isotope assumptions chronology uncertainty, plate reconstruction actual seismic-source auditing, structural maps bounded hazard evidence river/groundwater/ice/coastal processes and resource/environmental alternatives. All 56 finite-plan destinations are authored, including the cumulative site-history and source-evidence defense. Independent learner and practical gates remain separate.
This is the course outline. Open a unit to choose a lesson; every lesson opens on its own page. Explanations and experiments live inside those lesson pages.
Preparation: Introductory physical science, algebra, units and graph reading. Chemical charge, porosity and pressure relationships are introduced with explicit numerical examples; no specimen equipment or field access is required for supplied-observation practice.
Course outcome: Reconstruct Earth-material and site histories from diagnostic observations, conserved budgets, geologic maps, chronology and geophysical evidence; defend a bounded hazard interpretation with alternatives and uncertainty. The materials, time, tectonics/interior, deformation/hazard surface-system and resource/environmental categories connect through a full-course supplied-observation notebook.
All lessons are directly accessible. Reused foundation explanations are identified where relevant; completing a different course does not award this course's evidence. The 56 registered lessons keep separate predictions, captures, practice responses and reflections.
Classify supplied mineral evidence, close rock-process budgets and reject a historical interpretation that contradicts a documented relationship.
Compare unknown hardness with below/above 5 while preserving the same cleavage observation. Retain each candidate set and propose one discriminating observation. Deliberately choose an incompatible pair and explain why no match is not proof of a new mineral.
Compare sharing 0, 2, 3 and 4 at four silicon atoms. Reconstruct total oxygen and charge independently and sketch which corners are shared. Explain why adding Al substitution would invalidate the simple charge calculation.
Hold volume fraction fixed and double total volume, then hold volume fixed and change fraction. Identify extensive quantities that double versus intensive quantities that remain fixed. Explain which independent texture observation is needed before proposing a cooling history.
Compare removal at silica fractions 0.3 and 0.5 with the same mass. Then vary removed mass while holding composition fixed. Close both total and silica budgets and identify the setting where residual composition is unchanged.
Compare excess calcite with excess CO₂. Close calcium, carbon and charge ledgers, then explain how an observation of lower reaction extent would challenge the complete-reaction assumption rather than conservation.
Compare different compaction porosities without cement, then add cement at one fixed compaction state. Keep original grains, added solids, pore volume and bulk volume separate. Explain what a measured grain-volume loss would imply about this model.
Compare two gradients at the same depth, then two depths at the same gradient. Retain unit conversions and distinguish a pressure calculation from a stress-fabric claim. Propose a mineral or contact observation that could constrain the path independently.
Swap each evidence packet while holding the chosen history fixed, then compare both histories for each packet. Draw the event sequence and state an additional observation that would distinguish two granite generations from one.
Reconstruct relative order, clock ages and missing-time bounds while distinguishing incomplete observations from contradictory assumptions.
Toggle orientation while retaining facing, then conceal facing. Draw the current bed positions and the independently observed younging arrow. Explain which chronological claim becomes underdetermined when the arrow is removed.
Reconstruct each edge directly from the supplied diagram and relationship table. Conceal the intersection, list every remaining valid order and specify the one additional observation that would distinguish them. Do not infer age from drawing left/right position.
Reconstruct minimum and maximum gaps from the four displayed endpoints at two uncertainty settings. Draw a history that splits the missing time between nondeposition and erosion. Explain which additional marker would tighten the bound without proving a unique process duration.
Compare all three taxon pairs at the same ash uncertainty, then tighten the ash interval. Retain empty intersections explicitly. Propose reworking, incorrect identification and non-coeval ash as distinguishable hypotheses rather than interchangeable excuses.
Hold measured daughter fixed while changing the independent initial amount, then compare ages at different measured daughter amounts. Reconstruct initial parent and identify which unsupported assumption causes an older apparent result.
Keep age fixed while varying initial ratio, then keep the intercept fixed while changing age. Calculate slopes from two independent point pairs and retain the geological assumptions that the generated line cannot verify.
Compare no loss with several daughter-loss fractions at a fixed true time. Close the retained-plus-escaped inventory and explain why the age difference is not itself the time of a heating event. Propose one independent observation that could discriminate loss from inheritance.
Compare different hiatus lengths at the same active rate, then alter active rate while holding hiatus fixed. Reconstruct every diagram vertex and identify the additional dated horizon needed to distinguish continuous slow deposition from faster deposition with a gap.
Resolve relative plate motion, reconstruct dated spreading patterns and distinguish interior model predictions from versioned actual seismic observations.
Rotate the normal while holding the two plate velocities fixed. Reconstruct both projections, mark positive directions and compare their squared sum with relative speed squared. Explain what observations distinguish rifting, subduction and transform accommodation.
Compare symmetric and asymmetric distance pairs. Convert every rate to both km/Myr and mm/yr, then state the assumed ridge frame and averaging interval. Keep half rates distinct from the full separation.
Reconstruct the paired stripes from boundary ages, then change half rate and sign separately. List what each intervention changes. Identify an independent age or correlation needed before applying this method to an unknown measured profile.
Vary density at fixed elevation and retain both sides of the mass balance. Sketch the surface, reference Moho and deeper root without drawing the entire mantle as liquid. State an observation that could reject purely local Airy compensation.
Change incidence across the critical threshold and retain the sine test before attempting an inverse sine. Sketch both directions and the interface normal. Record the no-propagating-ray condition rather than filling it with a fabricated angle.
Hold total geometry fixed while changing upper speed. Reconstruct both segment times before computing effective speed. Then identify two hypothetical changes that could offset each other in a single observed travel time.
Compare μ=0 with positive μ while holding density fixed. Then vary density with both moduli fixed. State which global observations support a phase-state inference and which alternative explanations affect an individual missing arrival.
Hold gradient fixed while changing conductivity, then hold conductivity fixed while changing gradient. Keep flux direction and magnitude separate. Explain why a straight shallow geotherm should not be extrapolated to the core.
Download the CSV and provenance, verify one UTC subtraction and compare all six residuals. Preserve the original rows and source license audit. Change only the hypothetical origin offset, then explain why this cannot by itself identify a revised origin or a unique Earth velocity model.
Read original structure maps and deformation records, reconstruct source quantities and distinguish conditional hazard evidence from deterministic prediction or site risk.
Compare the original circle and transformed boundary. Calculate determinant, both stretches and ellipse area. Distinguish observed final shape from assumptions about the initial marker and from an unmeasured stress history.
Read the north arrow and scale, calculate all four structure-contour positions, and draw the ground contact. Rotate only the section direction and compare apparent dip with the fixed true dip. State what new topography would require changing in the map.
Hold the arch/trough shape fixed while changing the independently supplied facing. Record shape, oldest/youngest core and classification separately. Explain how a concealed younging indicator limits the conclusion.
Vary dip at fixed rake and then rake at fixed dip. Retain all signed components and reconstruct their vector magnitude. Explain why a marker offset may differ from the full displacement.
Convert dimensions explicitly, vary area and slip separately, and compare moment ratios with magnitude differences. Explain which independent observations are needed to assess local shaking rather than source size.
Reconstruct ranges from the generated time differences and recover x/y from squared differences. Compare projected and slanted distances. State how an unknown depth or layered velocities would alter the inference.
Compare expected counts and probabilities over several windows. State the assumptions under which elapsed quiet time does not change the answer, then name evidence that would motivate a renewal or clustered model.
Track dissolved plus gas mass across pressure settings, convert MPa to Pa and calculate the conditional gas fraction. Identify at least three omitted mechanisms that prevent this inventory from becoming an eruption predictor.
Use natural frequencies to reconstruct numerator and denominator. Change prior and false-positive probability separately. Explain why two correlated monitoring signals should not automatically count as independent confirmations.
Balance flux and storage across surface and subsurface boundaries, interpret landform evidence and integrate actual daily discharge with traceable source and temporal limits.
Download the original RDB, CSV and provenance. Verify one original value and approval flag, reproduce the exact unit conversion, and calculate a one-day and two-day volume. Explain what remains unknown within each day and why approval is not a zero-uncertainty claim.
Change depth at fixed velocity, then velocity at fixed depth. Retain panel areas and fluxes separately and check that Q/area reproduces the sum. Identify which real observations would be needed to replace the supplied panel approximation.
Compare equal large fluxes with a positive and negative imbalance. Keep solid and bulk units in every row, then state how bank erosion or changing porosity would alter the balance.
Swap high and low conductivities conceptually while preserving their lengths. Calculate interface head, both head drops and total flux; compare the harmonic effective conductivity with an inappropriate arithmetic average.
Hold area and decline fixed while switching the storage boundary. Calculate both released volumes and explain the physical mechanism. List evidence needed to distinguish storage depletion from a continuing renewable inflow.
Vary each head independently, keeping their common datum explicit. Identify the sign change and distinguish a lower flux caused by smaller gradient from one caused by lower conductivity outside this slider.
Hold the balance relation fixed while changing the highest-band area. Retain every band contribution and compare total with specific mean. Explain why an unweighted mean of the four band values is not generally correct.
Compare equal fluxes with influx greater than outflux. Retain transport and surface terms separately and explain which observation would distinguish dynamic redistribution from altered surface balance.
Compare all three observation packets, choose a process and record why the two alternatives fit less well. Draw a plan for one independent observation that could overturn the classification if the supplied context were uncertain.
Compare the three periods at fixed depth, then vary depth at fixed period. Substitute solved k into the dispersion equation and retain phase/group quantities separately. State why this does not predict breaking height or a safe route.
Change river supply and alongshore export separately. Close the bulk-volume ledger and convert to equivalent width only after stating the fixed profile. Reclassify an offshore bar as inside versus outside the boundary and explain the changed accounting.
Compare uplift and subsidence at the same ocean rate. Retain sign convention and unit conversion, then identify an independent land-motion record needed to separate the two contributions.
Close resource and reaction inventories, discriminate site histories and defend hazard/environmental alternatives with explicit physical, chronological and decision boundaries.
Vary dilution at fixed recovery, then recovery at fixed dilution. Retain both total-mass and metal ledgers. Explain why a lower feed grade can coexist with the same recovered metal and why grade alone cannot settle an environmental decision.
Check atom and charge balance before varying inventories. Locate the limiting inventory and retain excess solid separately. Identify missing observations needed to move from potential equivalents to a defensible field-water interpretation.
Hold geometry fixed while changing closure history, then vary porosity under early closure. Preserve the age ordering, volume-factor direction and separate retained/recoverable quantities. List a new observation that would test the no-recharge assumption.
Vary U at fixed angle, then angle at fixed U. Preserve force units and the separate cohesive/frictional terms. Identify which measured quantities and failure mechanisms would be needed before any actual site assessment.
Check the complete probability partition before calculating loss. Vary intersection at a fixed joint consequence, then vary consequence at fixed probabilities. Explain why probability, exposed value and expected loss cannot share one unlabeled axis.
Compare pure silicate, pure carbonate and mixed cases. Retain carbon origins and the downstream return, then identify the consequence of moving the boundary to before precipitation. State which extra observations would be required to estimate a rate.
Compare all three core packets against both histories. Retain an observation-versus-assumption table and candidate exclusions. Propose a correlation or geometry check that could distinguish model failure from a new geological mechanism.
Compare dry-only and both-scenario screening at each cap. Retain the rejected as well as selected alternatives and the exact decision rule. Identify a nonmonetized outcome and one uncertainty that the displayed cost ranking does not resolve.
Integrate all six geological capability clusters into a source-traceable supplied-observation notebook and bounded environmental report with independent review and unfamiliar transfer.
Retain the original seven-event observation table, annotated coordinate map and all allowed orders before selecting one. Change sealing to offset and then to unknown; identify which exclusions disappear. Verify one apparent-dip calculation and explain what a failed borehole prediction would challenge.
Preserve the source-versus-synthetic declaration and calculate both load and concentration before reading feedback. Vary water and concentration separately, check the one-hour unit conversion and state which missing field observations would invalidate complete conservative mixing.
Keep predictions before comparison, complete raw records and units, explain competing models and test a changed case. Supplied and simulated data are labeled in each lesson. A saved notebook is not proof of experimental technique or correct reasoning.
Evidence to retain: Retain candidate intersections, structural oxygen/charge inventory, volume-to-mass conversion and conserved melt/crystal budgets. Change an observation or denominator and explain the resulting inference.
Boundary: Finite supplied mineral set and ideal composition models, not identification of an actual unknown specimen, a complete crystallographic analysis or a phase-equilibrium calculation.
Evidence to retain: Close reaction and solid/pore inventories, compare pressure/temperature paths and draw competing event histories constrained by clasts or baked contacts.
Boundary: Data-only observations. No chemical reaction, specimen breaking, field sampling or operational hazard judgment is performed.
Evidence to retain: Retain the invented section and explicit relationship table, all admissible event orders, four dated endpoints and fossil/ash interval intersections including conflicts. Predict which independent observation would discriminate alternatives.
Boundary: Original invented instructional sections and calibrated fictional taxon ranges, not surveyed field observations, real fossil dates or a probability distribution over histories.
Evidence to retain: Reconstruct parent/daughter inventories, recover slope/intercept and compare selective loss with an unperturbed clock; retain the active-time/hiatus decomposition and all plotted values.
Boundary: Fictional one-to-one isotope clock with supplied 100 Myr half-life and noiseless ratios; not actual isotope measurements, laboratory training, calibrated closure temperatures or a real depositional rate.
Evidence to retain: Retain vector components and oriented normals, both ridge-frame rates, dated stripe boundaries and equal-area mass balances. Contrast a supported kinematic inference with an untested driving-force or compensation mechanism.
Boundary: Original invented geometry and stipulated material parameters, not GPS measurements, real magnetic surveys or a mapped Moho.
Evidence to retain: Preserve the Snell domain test, all segment times, modulus/density conversions and signed heat-transport convention. Explain nonuniqueness and one independently testable alternative.
Boundary: Bounded plane-layer and elastic/conductive teaching models, not a fitted global Earth structure or a measured geothermal profile.
Evidence to retain: Download the actual six-record CSV and provenance, retain source product/version/hash and reuse terms, independently reproduce UTC and residual arithmetic, then separate immutable records from a hypothetical origin-time sensitivity.
Boundary: Actual interpreted catalog picks from one event, not raw waveforms, six independent events, independent practical certification or an operational earthquake assessment.
Evidence to retain: Retain original map coordinates, strike/dip and section direction; reconstruct area-preserving finite shape, age-core alternatives and three signed fault-slip components. Distinguish observation from imposed initial geometry.
Boundary: Original invented maps and packets, not surveyed outcrops, stress measurements, specimen loading or a complete structural inversion.
Evidence to retain: Convert rigidity, area and slip to SI moment; reconstruct logarithmic changes and source ranges from S−P differences; preserve depth and station-frame assumptions.
Boundary: Invented homogeneous arrival model and uniform source geometry, not actual located earthquakes or local shaking/structural safety estimates.
Evidence to retain: Distinguish expected count from probability, conserve water across the stipulated phase partition and compute a complete evidence-positive denominator; document prior and dependence assumptions.
Boundary: Fictional uncalibrated teaching models, not current alerts, eruption thresholds, physical pressurization or advice to enter a hazardous area.
Evidence to retain: Retain actual RDB/CSV/version/hash/approval and independently derived volumes; contrast panel weighting and solid-versus-bulk sediment storage in separate invented reaches.
Boundary: Only the USGS daily means are actual source observations; no instantaneous peak, long-term flood frequency or physical river-gauging competence is inferred.
Evidence to retain: Reconstruct series head drops, Darcy flux/pore speed, storage mechanisms and sign-sensitive stream exchange with shared datums.
Boundary: Supplied saturated layers and coefficients, not an actual well test, renewable yield determination or environmental clearance.
Evidence to retain: Area-weight the elevation bands, conserve ice volume and separate material motion from margin motion; defend a contextual landform interpretation against an alternative.
Boundary: Original fixed-geometry packets and drawings, not measured glacier mass balance, mapped field deposits or a unique climate attribution.
Evidence to retain: Check the dispersion equation, phase/group distinction and refraction convention, then close a bulk sediment cell and separate ocean/land contributions to a rigid-plane intersection.
Boundary: Linear and fixed-profile comparisons, not breaking/storm, navigation, future shoreline or property-risk forecasts.
Evidence to retain: Retain separate total/metal budgets, formal atom/charge endpoint and pore-volume/time-order calculation. Test a changed limiting inventory or charge history.
Boundary: Original virtual packets, not ore assays, actual reserves, acid generation tests or extraction/treatment instructions.
Evidence to retain: Reconstruct force components, exclusive probability states and candidate exclusions; preserve missing core values as unknown and distinguish history from current activity.
Boundary: Invented block, annual probabilities and supplied cores; no actual slope safety, fault activity or calibrated local hazard claim.
Evidence to retain: Trace gross consumption and downstream carbon return; screen every alternative under explicit scenario constraints before comparing cost. Name uncertainty and omitted values.
Boundary: Original stoichiometric and option packets, not removal rates, legal standards or operational environmental approval.
Evidence to retain: Retain all compatible site orders, mapped plane/section predictions and a conservative flux/concentration comparison. Independently reproduce the earlier actual seismic and discharge source audits without conflating their locations with the fictional site.
Boundary: Invented cumulative site geometry and tracer packet; archived actual USGS observations retain their separate provenance. No actual field survey, calibrated current hazard or site approval is claimed.
Open the retained response and project workspaces. Practice, saved work and independently reviewed proficiency remain separate.
These 28 course-specific public tasks are practice, not a secure examination. Each retains up to three immutable written responses, known feedback exposure before each response, and human rubric critiques. Drafts remain editable. No text-length check or self-reported review certifies correctness, independence, laboratory skill or mastery.
A supplied candidate has hardness below 5 and three cleavage directions; which two library candidates remain before angles are observed? For six Si atoms with three shared corners per tetrahedron, find O count, formal charge and divalent cations. A separate equal-volume two-mineral aggregate has densities 3.3/2.6 g/cm³ and volume 100 cm³: find its dense mass fraction. Explain why these calculations do not uniquely identify a real rock.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Remove 40 kg crystals at silica fraction 0.3 from 100 kg magma initially 50% silica. Separately compact a deposit with 60 cm³ grains to porosity 0.2, then fill half its pores with external cement. Find all residual quantities. A granite body cuts and bakes the resulting sediment: which event is later? Why does that not prove the source of every sediment grain?
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Before reading feedback, plan a data-only investigation of an unfamiliar rock association. State observations, missing evidence, candidate histories, units/material boundaries and a relationship that would reject each history. Explain how you would distinguish supplied illustrations from actual field or specimen evidence. Retain first reasoning, source purpose, prior exposure and assistance.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
In the supplied packet A precedes B; I and F each cut both; C seals both; the I/F intersection is concealed. List every valid order. Independently older marker 80±1 Ma and younger 60±4 Ma bound what elapsed interval? For fossil pair A+C (90–100 and 80–91 Ma) and ash 92±0 Ma, is there a joint age? Explain one observation that could resolve each ambiguity or contradiction.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Use the fictional 100 Myr half-life. Present parent 100, measured daughter 100 and initial daughter 20 give what corrected age? A separate isochron slope 3/intercept 0.4 gives what age and initial ratio? A clock starting parent 100 reaches 200 Myr then loses half its daughter: find its apparent age. Separately 30 m accumulates at 3 m/Myr with 10 Myr hiatus: what is whole-section apparent rate?
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Plan a data-only chronology for an unfamiliar supplied section. State facing evidence, relationships to map, age markers, uncertainty conventions and at least two histories or clock mechanisms. Predict a new observation that would reject each. Keep actual source records distinct from invented teaching diagrams; disclose assistance and previous feedback.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
In a common east–north frame A=(10,0), B=(−20,20) mm/yr and A-to-B normal due east, find opening and tangent. Left and right 4 Ma markers are 40 and 120 km from a ridge: find half/full rates. A fictional 30 km/Myr half rate maps the 1–1.5 Ma interval to what width? For a 2 km mountain with crust 2700 and mantle 3300 kg/m³, find root depth and balancing column masses. Explain what is not established about driving forces or actual structure.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
An upper 30 km layer at 6 km/s overlies 30 km at 8 km/s. Compute vertical one-way travel and effective speed. At a separate interface with upper speed 6 and lower 10 km/s, does incidence 60° admit a propagating transmitted body ray? For K=100 GPa, μ=0 and density 5000 kg/m³, calculate P/S speeds. Finally gradient 30 K/km and conductivity 2 W/(m K) give what upward flux and 10 km temperature from a 10°C surface?
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Before feedback, download geo-usgs-phase-subset@1 and its provenance. Record the original product URL, update/version, agency, source SHA-256, selection rule, schema and reuse terms. For KR.JNKS reproduce the pick-minus-origin travel time and derive predicted travel from residual. For IM.BCAR apply a hypothetical origin +1 s shift holding prediction fixed. Explain why residual is not uncertainty, the records are not six independent earthquakes and angular distance/travel is not a measured ray speed.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Plan an unfamiliar data-only tectonic/interior investigation. Choose a velocity, magnetic or seismic observation, name its frame, units and source/reuse audit, propose two mechanisms and a discriminating independent observation. Retain a calculation protocol, uncertainty/selection limits and first prediction before public feedback. Separate actual catalog records from invented geometry.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
For the original plane z=100−x tanδ, take δ 45° and a north–south section. Find apparent dip, 20 m structure-contour spacing and the contact at horizontal ground z 60. An inverted synform has which age-core classification? Separately resolve a 10 m hanging-wall slip with dip 30° and rake −90° from strike toward down-dip. Explain why neither map offset nor fold shape alone supplies the full history.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Use rigidity 30 GPa, length 40 km, width 15 km and slip 1 m. Compute moment and magnitude using the SI constant 9.1; compare with length 20 km. In the homogeneous Vp 6/Vs 3.5 packet, source directly below station 1 at 10 km depth has what S−P and horizontal projected radius? Finally mean Poisson interval 100 years and window 50 years imply what expected count and at-least-one probability? State which conclusions cannot be made about site intensity or the next date.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
The supplied magma packet has 100 kg dry silicate, water 2 kg and pressure 100 MPa with dissolved capacity 0.5√P kg. Find dissolved/gas masses and ideal gas fraction. Independently, in 10000 fictional monitoring windows use prior event 0.10, sensitivity 0.6 and false-positive 0.05: find evidence-positive event/non-event counts and posterior. Explain why neither calculation is an eruption threshold, and why two correlated signals cannot automatically be multiplied.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Retain a first plan for an unfamiliar supplied site map and deformation or monitoring packet. Name orientation, scales, age/facing evidence, source provenance and uncertainty. Propose two competing interpretations, one new observation that distinguishes them and a calculation invariant. Separate observed hazard evidence from exposure/vulnerability and identify omitted practical validation.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Download the archived original USGS RDB and CSV for site 01646500, 1–8 January 2023. Before feedback, retain the original query, archive hash, parameter/statistic, units, dates, approval flags and reuse terms. Reproduce the 7–8 January mean and volume from 10500 and 9460 ft³/s using exact conversion 0.028316846592 m³/ft³ and 86400 s/day. Explain what a fresh retrieval hash, approval qualifier and daily mean do not establish.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Widths 3,4,3 m, depths 1,3,1 m and panel speeds 0.4,0.5,0.6 m/s give what area, discharge and weighted mean speed? Separately a 1000 m² reach with porosity 0.4 receives 100 and exports 300 m³ solids/year. Find solid storage, bulk-volume and mean bed changes. Explain why the two flux budgets are not interchangeable.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Two 50 m layers both K=1 m/day, area 20 m² and heads 100/90 m: find Q, interface head and pore speed at porosity 0.25. A separate confined 1 km² aquifer with storativity 0.001 declines 5 m: released water? A connected river at head 101 m and aquifer 98 m with K0.1, area100 and thickness2 gives which exchange? State why none is a sustainable pumping rate.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
At ELA 2000 m, bands 1000/1500/2000/2500 m have areas 1/2/3/2 km² and balance 0.002(z−ELA): find integrated and mean water-equivalent balance. A separate 1 km² ice segment has influx3, outflux1 million m³/year and surface −0.5 m ice/year: thickness change? A sorted stratified sinuous ridge in supplied former subglacial drainage context supports which process, and what alternative remains if context is removed?
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
For the linear wave equation, identify the deep-water group/phase ratio and shallow-water common leading speed; explain refraction toward the normal with lower phase speed. In a separate cell, river input0, alongshore input3000, alongshore export5000 and offshore export1000 m³/year give what storage and equivalent width at area factor10000 m²? Ocean rise1 and land uplift2 mm/year over50 years on a rigid0.01 slope give what relative height and intersection shift?
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Before feedback, plan a river, groundwater, glacier or coastal evidence comparison. Retain source provenance/reuse, one actual or clearly supplied observation, units, spatial/temporal control volume and two competing mechanisms. Predict one independent observation that separates them. State what was measured versus derived and what real practical evidence remains absent.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Use 1000 tonnes ore at 2% metal, 500 tonnes barren dilution and recovery 0.5. Calculate feed grade, recovered metal and total/metal tailings. Separately use 1 mol fully oxidized pyrite and 8 mol available calcite with the displayed CO2 endpoint. Calculate generated/consumed acid, residual calcite and sulfate; explain why neither packet gives actual profitability, pH or clean-water status.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
For the supplied 2 million m³ reservoir, porosity 0.3, water saturation 0.25, volume factor 1.2 and recovery 0.3, compare closure at 100 and 60 Ma for the single 80 Ma pulse. In the independent invented site packet the second ash-marker core is unrecovered. How many candidate histories remain, and why is a late trap or missing core not a universal conclusion about real sites?
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
For the ideal 100 kN block at 30°, area 10 m², cohesion 2 kPa and friction angle 30°, compare U=0 with U=20 kN. Independently use flood probability 0.2, slide 0.1, joint 0.1 and joint loss 60; standalone losses are 40 and 60 million units. Calculate the force ratios, full event partition, union probability and expected loss. State why neither proves site safety or a deterministic annual outcome.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Take zero calcium-silicate weathering and 4 mol carbonate weathering with complete downstream carbonate precipitation. Calculate gross uptake, return and net uptake. For options A/B/C with costs 8/12/15 and dry/wet loads 3/9,4/6,2/4, select least cost at cap 4 across both scenarios, then dry only. Name one omitted outcome that would prevent presenting the result as actual approval.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Plan a bounded interpretation of an unfamiliar supplied geological site. Separate actual archived records from invented observations, identify material and time-order evidence, propose two mechanisms and a discriminator, state one inventory invariant and an explicit environmental constraint. Name omitted consequences, a stopping condition and the evidence required before any real action.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
For geo-site-defense@1, fixed order is B→S→A→T→E→G and F cuts A. Gravel seals F but no relation of F to tilt or erosion is observed. Enumerate all compatible orders and bracket F using ash20 Ma/gravel10 Ma. The original ash plane is z=100−0.5x: find contact at ground z60, elevations at x20 and x60, and apparent dip in a north–south section. Explain what changes if the gravel contact becomes unknown.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
In the original confluence, upstream is5 m³/s at0.02 mg/L and tributary3 m³/s at0.1 mg/L. Find both loads, total concentration and one-hour transported mass. Compare with upstream-only, and explain why neither an invented0.06 mg/L comparison nor the actual Potomac eight-day archive establishes safety or measures this fictional site. Name a geological process that would require changing the conservative boundary.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Before public feedback, retain a source/action table for all six modules and a first full-course notebook plan. Include both actual USGS archives with exact identity/version, raw fields, units, transformations and reuse basis. Keep them separate from geo-site-defense@1. Name material, chronology, map/interior, hazard, surface-budget and resource-decision evidence, plus one unfamiliar reviewer-assigned response and an unmet practical gate if relevant.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Reviewer identity and role are declarations, not authenticated credentials. Unsaved review fields below are lost on navigation. Review every criterion with an exact quotation, calculation or evidence citation and a next step.
Build a six-module supplied-observation notebook using original geo-site-defense@1 for integrated site reasoning and the two separately identified actual USGS archives for empirical source analysis. Reconstruct a site history and defend a bounded environmental interpretation without fabricating field observations, current safety or independence.
Before feedback, retain the complete source/action table, first report plan, diagnostic mineral/rock observations and two material-history alternatives. Declare assistance and public solution exposure.
Evidence to retain: Original first plan, material evidence and source identities with actual/invented labels.
Enumerate compatible cumulative histories; justify relative relations and one isotope-age calculation from the earlier time packets. Compare inherited daughter or loss alternatives rather than treating every age as a deposition date.
Evidence to retain: Observation/assumption table, allowed orders, time interval and changed isotope case.
Annotate the equal-scale cumulative reference section, strike/dip and borehole predictions. Defend one plate/interior inference and independently audit the archived USGS event preferred origin, selected phase/station records and residual interpretation.
Evidence to retain: Coordinate calculations, actual event source/provenance/selection audit and explicit nonuniqueness.
Independently audit actual daily discharge values, statistic/approval fields and volume conversion. Keep the fictional confluence separate; add a surface storage budget and resource/hazard alternative with explicit scenario constraints and omitted consequences.
Evidence to retain: Actual station raw-file audit, flux/storage calculations, unit checks, rejected alternatives and stopping conditions.
Submit a report connecting all six modules and distinguishing hazard, exposure and consequence. Preserve contradictory or missing evidence, source reuse basis and any selected practical pathway still unmet.
Evidence to retain: Immutable first report and criterion-linked substantive human critique, not an automated mastery claim.
Retain one justified revision and receive a new reviewer-assigned source/geometry/chronology packet before responding. Preserve the new first response and assistance record; supply supervised field evidence only if that separate pathway is claimed.
Evidence to retain: Original report, critique, revision, unfamiliar assignment/response and honest practical/authorization limits.
Retain raw-data identifiers, provenance, units, prior predictions, methods, calculations, competing explanations and safety boundaries. State explicitly when data are simulated, supplied or genuinely observed. This saved text cannot verify a real experiment; do not invent measurements or completed supervised work. Maximum 12,000 characters; retain larger evidence files separately and cite them.
A nonempty report is only a saved submission. First and revised reports remain separate and cannot be overwritten. A critique of the first report is required before retaining one revision.
A reviewer changes marker correlation, isotope history, map orientation, phase-source selection or a flow/storage boundary. Explain which conclusions survive, which must be recalculated and which now remain unresolved.
A human must supply the actual new task, evidence and conditions before the learner responds. The transfer-direction text is not itself an unseen assessment. Use the retained assignment form after the first project; exposed public task identifier: expanded-public:college-geology.
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