Learn Fifty-nine original authored destinations cover the six SC02 content modules and two cross-scale synthesis lessons. Nineteen virtual investigation contracts, 35 mixed tasks and a retained full-course project support evidence-based practice; practical and independent learner validation remain separate.
This is the course outline. Open a unit to choose a lesson; every lesson opens on its own page. Explanations and experiments live inside those lesson pages.
Preparation: General Biology I or equivalent cellular, inheritance and molecular reasoning; ratios, conditional probabilities and graph interpretation. Binomial sampling and weighted means are developed from supplied examples; no programming or organism handling is required.
Course outcome: Defend a population-change explanation that connects evolutionary and lineage evidence with microbial, plant, animal and ecological mechanisms, correct sampling boundaries and substantive independent critique.
All lessons are directly accessible. Reused foundation explanations are identified where relevant; completing a different course does not award this course's evidence. The 59 registered lessons keep separate predictions, captures, practice responses and reflections.
Calculate population-genetic changes, separate selection/drift/migration/mutation and mating structure, and compare reproductive-barrier explanations without confusing a model fit with causal evidence.
Compare AA30/Aa40 with AA40/Aa20. Reconstruct every allele count and compare observed with expected heterozygosity. Identify a biological sampling unit and explain why pooled siblings cannot automatically justify the independent-copy sampling SD.
Hold p=0.5 and compare h0,0.5 and1. Retain the initial frequencies, weights, normalization denominator and adult allele count. Explain which additional reproduction measurement is needed before equating adult frequency with next-generation frequency.
Compare both stage orders at m0.2,w2, then set m0 or w1. Identify the algebraic reason for the equality at each boundary and an observation that could discriminate the stage order in a real life cycle.
Compare u0.04/v0.01 with equal0.02 rates. Record first-generation flows, balance and generation40 value. Explain why stable frequency is not evidence that the mutation mechanism has stopped.
Compare Ne2,4 and10 at p0.4. Record the distribution spread, immediate loss/fixation and expected heterozygosity. Explain why the horizontal axis must be next-generation frequency rather than generation number.
Vary F at fixed p0.4 and track the complete genotype inventory and recounted allele frequency. Then independently calculate the equal mixture of p0.2 and0.8 populations. Propose stratified sampling that distinguishes pooled structure from a within-population deficit.
Hold slope0.2 while changing the response coefficient from0 to1. Retain selected-parent and offspring means separately. Design a common-environment comparison and name a remaining maternal or shared-environment alternative it would not automatically remove.
Compare low mating/high conditional fertility with high mating/low fertility cases that share the same overall success. Retain each denominator and propose timing, behavioral or development evidence that distinguishes the barrier stage without conducting a real crossing.
Fit both explanations at endpoint0.4, then change donor frequency while holding the endpoint fixed. Explain why the selection fit stays unchanged while the migration fit changes. Specify one independent observation and a predicted direction for each competing explanation.
Reconstruct relationships from explicit character evidence, preserve missing-data/topological uncertainty, compare gene and organism histories, and distinguish evolutionary representation from survey detection.
Reconstruct each weighted score from the two supplied patterns. Compare weights2/1 and1/2, then ignore the functional character with weight0. Explain what independent anatomical or developmental evidence would justify treating the structural comparison as homologous.
Draw each quartet split and reproduce its core score using state-set intersections/unions. Add two1100 columns, then two1010 columns. Keep ties visible and distinguish an added independent measurement from copying an existing column.
Compare unknown, forced0 and observed1 while keeping one1100 column. Reconstruct the score change and report every shortest split. State which additional actual observation would distinguish missing information from an observed absence.
Use all four rotation settings. Draw brackets around cladesAB andABC each time, then trace the A–C path. Identify a non-clade group and explain why its most recent common ancestor also includes an omitted tip.
Compare50/30/20 with40/30/30 locus counts. Retain all conflicts and identify one biological and one methodological explanation. Describe independent orthology or genomic-location evidence that could discriminate them without generating or modifying biological material.
Compare half-width0,2 and4 at target0.06. Reconstruct both rate and time bounds, then explain why a fossil known only to be at least8 Myr old does not justify the symmetric8–12 Myr interval.
Hold visits3 and compare rare detection0.1,0.2 and0.5. Then increase visits at fixed0.2. Retain true versus expected detected richness separately and propose a repeat-observation control for a claimed species loss.
Compare pairsAB,AC andAD with D length3, then change D length1–5. Draw and mark each unique included branch. State which conclusions depend on the branch-length model and which depend only on selected richness.
Compare cellular/viral organization and microbial nutrition, reconstruct fungal structure and nuclear stages, and test resource exchange/decomposition mechanisms using explicit material and observation boundaries.
Compare display scales 20 and 40 at the same resolution 0.2 µm, then worsen resolution while keeping scale fixed. Explain which observation changes and which molecular distinctions cannot be established by either control.
Compare 100/0,0/100 and 40/60 carbon/light percentages. Reconstruct the two independent ledgers and name which donor, oxygen-release or ecological-role conclusions remain unsupported.
Compare oxygen fractions 0,0.5 and 1 at 40 mol electron equivalents. Reconstruct both electron and nitrogen inventories. Identify the additional thermodynamic/coupling evidence needed before making an ATP-yield claim.
Compare division/loss pairs 0/0 and 20/20, then 40/10. Retain daughter production, net additions and final count separately. Propose a noninvasive evidence distinction between low turnover and balanced high turnover without culturing organisms.
Compare radii 1,2 and 4 at volume 2000. Reconstruct length, surface and volume, then explain how branching could improve spatial access without increasing the ideal lateral area at fixed radius/volume.
Follow all four stages at n 4, retaining nucleus count, chromosomes per nucleus, DNA per nucleus and total DNA. Identify which transitions change nuclear ploidy, which change only nuclear organization and which change DNA amount.
Compare baseline N10 and 30 at transfer 8; then vary transfer at the lower baseline. Retain separate partner endpoints and identify an omitted water, defense or reproductive effect that could change a broader conclusion.
At processedcarbon 100 compareY0.1,0.2 and 0.4. Reconstruct carbon conservation and nitrogen demand, identify the zero-net boundary and explain what must change if external nitrogen cannot support the chosen yield.
Connect plant lineages and tissue organization to water/solute transport, resource constraints, developmental signals and reproductive-stage evidence with explicit quantitative boundaries.
Trace all five stages at n = 6. Label each connecting process and explain why a haploid gametophyte can grow without another reduction division. Compare where the conspicuous organism lies in bryophyte versus seed-plant cycles.
Compare initial radii 2 and 6 mm at thickness 0.4 mm. Reconstruct both annulus areas and explain why the cambium, phloem and older wood cannot be treated as one equally conducting tissue.
Hold soil Ψ at −0.4 and compare root pressures 0.2, 0.6 and 0.8 MPa. Identify inward, zero and outward cases, then distinguish the driving potential from the tissue pathways controlling conductivity.
Compare radius 10 and 20 µm at 40 functioning conduits, then reduce the functioning count at fixed radius. Explain which real anatomical or tension-related process the simple fourth-power rule leaves out.
Compare g = 0.2, 0.6 and 1 at D = 2, retaining A, E and their ratio separately. Then change D at fixed g and identify which feedback the imposed static comparison prevents.
Compare source pressures 0.4 and 1 MPa at sink 0.2, then set equal source/sink pressures. Keep solution flow and transported sugar flux separate and explain how an actual loading change could alter the supposedly fixed pressures.
Compare N = 6 and 10 at P = 0.4, then increase phosphorus at fixed N. Retain both ceilings and leftovers, and name a root or soil mechanism that could make the supplied available amounts differ from actual uptake.
Compare signal pairs 1/3 and 3/1, then equalize them. Reconstruct both tissue responses and name a transport or receptor-sensitivity observation needed to distinguish a signal-distribution change from a response-curve change.
Compare darkness 10, 12 and 14 hours with and without the midpoint signal. Retain the total and longest uninterrupted intervals separately, and identify an omitted circadian or temperature factor that could defeat the simple threshold rule.
Compare four, eight and ten fertilized ovules at n = 4. Keep embryo/endosperm/maternal origins separate from the resource ledger, and specify an observation distinguishing pollination failure from postfertilization resource limitation.
Compare animal structures and organ-system mechanisms; reconstruct exchange, resource and signaling budgets; explain bounded physiological responses without inferring clinical or practical competence.
Compare L = 2 and 4 at folding factor 3, then change folding at fixed L. Draw the distinct interfaces and internal paths in a thin-bodied animal versus an animal with a circulation. Name the evidence needed to decide whether folds are functional.
Compare assimilation 0.4 and 0.8 at maintenance 60. Retain the complete input/output ledger, label the deficit case and explain which digestive and metabolic measurements would distinguish the alternatives without handling an animal.
Trace both flow directions and compare adjacent points at k = 0.5 and 3. Reconstruct both outlet ledgers. Identify the pigment-binding or unequal-flow assumption that would need revision before applying this ideal model to a real gill.
Compare P50 values 20 and 40 at venous pressure 40. Retain both contents and extraction, then distinguish changing affinity from changing pigment amount or flow. Identify an additional measurement needed before attributing an observed extraction difference to affinity.
Find two supported recipes yielding the same excretion rate, retaining filtered, reabsorbed and secreted loads. Explain what additional directional transfer evidence would distinguish them and why water concentration cannot be inferred from solute excretion alone.
Compare all three strategies at nitrogen loads 20 and 40 with water budget 40. Retain the unchanged nitrogen denominator, water flags and energy costs, then add an explicit hypothetical energy ceiling to show why one feasibility flag is insufficient.
At ambient 10 compare capacities 20, 40 and 60. Retain required versus commanded heat, equilibrium and time trace. Propose a behavioral or insulation change that could alter the omitted heat-loss term without treating it as a tested intervention.
Find a below-threshold, exactly-at-threshold and above-threshold supported recipe. Retain the signed components and distinguish the pre-spike sum from an actual spike trace. Explain how separating input times could invalidate the simultaneous sum.
Compare K = 1, 3 and 5 at S = 6. Identify the intersection of production and removal curves, reconstruct both fluxes and propose an independent perturbation-free observation that would distinguish changed clearance from changed feedback in an archived dataset.
Compare muscle arms 1 and 5 cm at load 30 N. Retain torque, forces, displacements and both work calculations. Explain why an actual joint-angle change or elastic tendon would require more than the fixed perpendicular-arm model.
Compare both challenge codes after zero, three and six rounds. Retain starting pools and expanded counts, then design an archived-data comparison distinguishing specific memory from a nonspecific group difference without proposing any biological challenge.
Compare investments 1, 2 and 5 in both environments. Retain number, resource remainder, conditional probability and expectation separately. Add a proposed stage-specific archived observation that could distinguish fertilization limitation from later juvenile survival.
Distinguish behavioral mechanism and evolutionary function; reconstruct demographic, interaction and ecosystem models; defend a bounded disturbance interpretation using correct units and independent evidence.
Compare interaction −10, 0 and 10 at cue increment 10. Retain both simple cue effects and identify a mechanistic, a developmental and an evolutionary question requiring different evidence.
Compare handling times 1, 3 and 5 at energy 8. State the exact objective and at least two omitted biological constraints that could change the observed choice.
Compare relatedness 0, 0.5 and 1 at cost 3, including the equality boundary. Identify the independent demographic or competition evidence needed before applying this comparison to an actual population.
Compare schedules with reproduction concentrated early versus late while retaining survival. Find two schedules with equal R0 but different mean reproductive age and explain why their annual dynamics need not match.
Reconstruct the first two transitions independently, then compare the plotted stage series. Explain which stage composition and constant-rate assumptions would be needed to use the dominant multiplier as a forecast.
Compare coefficients 0.5/0.5 with 1/1. Reconstruct current and rare-invasion rates, then explain why one census pair cannot identify long-run coexistence or a competition coefficient.
Compare densities 10, 20 and 40 at handling 0.2. Retain encounter, intake and time fractions. Then change handling at fixed density and name the additional demographic measurements required to infer predator population growth.
Compare consumption fractions 0.1 and 0.5 at the same producer respiration. Close all terminal pathways and identify which element fluxes would be internal versus external if the system boundary expanded from a plant patch to its watershed.
Compare c = 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 at e = 0.4. Retain rate and equilibrium separately, then explain why shared disturbances or patch-quality differences could invalidate the homogeneous model.
Compare impact/reference changes 10/0, 10/10 and 10/−10. Retain raw before/after values and contrasts, then explain which independent sites and pre-trends are needed before using the contrast causally.
Defend an independently critiqued population-change argument using all six content modules, with conserved quantities, justified sampling corrections and genuinely unfamiliar transfer.
Compare neutral contribution/no migration with changed contribution only, migration only and both. Retain all denominators and a proposed independently measured stage-specific discriminator. Explain what a plant, microbial or animal mechanism would add beyond a lineage label.
Compare detection 0.5, 0.75 and 1 at true treatment change +10. Retain both individual site records and all means. Write two distinct biological explanations consistent with the adjusted change, then identify independent physiological, resource or demographic evidence that would favor one.
Keep predictions before comparison, complete raw records and units, explain competing models and test a changed case. Supplied and simulated data are labeled in each lesson. A saved notebook is not proof of experimental technique or correct reasoning.
Evidence to retain: Retain full initial/weighted/normalized counts, compare causal-stage orders and state which biological stage and sampling unit each denominator represents.
Boundary: Original deterministic population packets; no measured survival, migrant contribution or actual sample is supplied.
Evidence to retain: Derive two-way conversion balance, exact finite-sampling probabilities and structured-versus-random-mating genotype predictions; preserve small nonzero outcomes and an alternative explanation.
Boundary: Ideal rate/sampling assumptions, not estimates of mutation rate, effective population size, relatedness or clinical risk.
Evidence to retain: Separate selected and inherited means, compare conditional barrier stages and fit two distinct endpoint explanations; propose independently discriminating observations before outcomes.
Boundary: Synthetic comparisons only; no animal manipulation, breeding, release, field collection or personal ancestry inference.
Evidence to retain: Retain character definitions, actual state matrices, node-set scoring steps, every tied topology and a rotation-invariant clade argument; test a missing-state or weighting change.
Boundary: Fictional binary characters and stipulated topology/edges, not actual specimen identification or measured evolutionary history.
Evidence to retain: Distinguish locus support from a species-tree probability, propose orthology/history checks, and propagate both calibration-rate and target-time bounds while naming omitted uncertainties.
Boundary: No real genome inference, molecular sampling or actual fossil calibration; illustrative counts and exact-divergence assumptions.
Evidence to retain: Compare true versus expected detected richness and mark every unique represented tree branch; construct an equal-richness counterexample and a detection-sensitive falsifier.
Boundary: No field survey, species collection, conservation ranking or actual ecological-value estimate.
Evidence to retain: Separate image scale/resolution from biological identity, conserve independent carbon/energy/electron ledgers and distinguish event flows from net cell count.
Boundary: Formal hypothetical observations only; no specimen acquisition, diagnostic inference, cultivation or organism manipulation.
Evidence to retain: Reconstruct surface/material ratios and nuclear inventories, then compare separate partner effects under changed limiting resources.
Boundary: Ideal geometry and fictional partner costs are not measured growth, practical fungal identification or complete fitness estimates.
Evidence to retain: Recover every carbon and nitrogen amount, identify external immobilization demand and a condition making the stipulated biomass yield infeasible.
Boundary: No measured soil rate, fertilizer recommendation, chemical setup or culture protocol.
Evidence to retain: Trace meiosis/mitosis/fertilization, reconstruct tissue origins and chromosome sets, and compare geometric xylem increments with reproductive allocation limits.
Boundary: Schematic tissue geometry and selected typical life cycles are not actual specimen identification, tree dating or seed-viability evidence.
Evidence to retain: Retain signed potential differences, functional-path conductance, separate carbon/water fluxes and pressure-to-solute transport calculations; challenge one fixed-condition assumption.
Boundary: No calibrated whole-plant hydraulic model, irrigation advice or actual transport measurement.
Evidence to retain: Reconstruct limiting inputs and tissue-specific response signs, compare interrupted/uninterrupted timing and propose observations separating signal delivery from sensitivity.
Boundary: Fictional coefficients and thresholds; no hormone/fertilizer intervention, cultivation schedule or universal species response.
Evidence to retain: Compare actual conceptual architectures, reconstruct surface/path constraints, complete assimilation and local gas-gradient ledgers, and distinguish content from flux with a changed binding curve.
Boundary: Ideal geometry, linear streams and imposed flow are not calibrated specimens, animal measurements or proof of metabolic adequacy.
Evidence to retain: Retain directional solute transfers, equal nitrogen denominators, capacity-limited thermal traces and production/removal intersections; identify multiple mechanisms compatible with an endpoint.
Boundary: No medical diagnosis, physiological manipulation, exposure protocol or husbandry recommendation; actual physiological validation remains external.
Evidence to retain: Preserve graded versus threshold events, torque/work tradeoffs, antigen-specific controls and stage-conditional survival expectations; distinguish a schematic mechanism from an observed organismal outcome.
Boundary: No stimulation, challenge, infection, breeding or animal-handling experiments. Public calculations do not establish independent practical competence.
Evidence to retain: Retain context contrasts, complete rate denominators, compatible fitness units, cohort versus conditional survival and stage transients; distinguish proximate response from an evolutionary argument.
Boundary: Fictional group means and fixed coefficients; no animal training, measured fitness, secure independent transfer or actual demographic field sampling.
Evidence to retain: Compare current versus rare-invasion growth, reconstruct search/handling time and close all producer/consumer/detrital pathways; define internal versus external element flows.
Boundary: No real-species interaction coefficients, population-cycle validation or ecosystem intervention; rate ledgers are not biomass inventories.
Evidence to retain: Test the positive occupancy threshold and reconstruct a reference-adjusted change while preserving pre/post observations, replication limits and alternative trends.
Boundary: Identical-patch model and single reference comparison do not establish a conservation treatment effect or prescribe organism releases.
Evidence to retain: Reconstruct reproduction, migration and detection stages and all four survey-site records. Connect two competing mechanisms to lineage, microbial, plant, animal and ecological evidence, retaining a rejected explanation and a new reviewer-assigned transfer.
Boundary: Fictional expectations and independently stipulated detection, not real field data. Corrections do not identify a unique mechanism, actual supervised practical competence or institutional equivalence.
Open the retained response and project workspaces. Practice, saved work and independently reviewed proficiency remain separate.
These 35 course-specific public tasks are practice, not a secure examination. Each retains up to three immutable written responses, known feedback exposure before each response, and human rubric critiques. Drafts remain editable. No text-length check or self-reported review certifies correctness, independence, laboratory skill or mastery.
Equal-sized random-mating populations have A frequencies0.3 and0.7. Calculate each heterozygosity, pooled A frequency, actual pooled heterozygosity and the random-union reference for the pool. Explain why the deficit does not establish inbreeding within either population.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Initial diploid p0.5 with genotype weights AA1,Aa0.6,aa0.6: compute adult A frequency. Separately haploid resident p0.2, donor0.8,m0.25,w2: compute migration-then-selection and selection-then-migration.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Two-way conversion has u0.03,v0.02. Find balance and equal forward/reverse flows there. Separately a neutral ideal diploid effective size5 samples from p0.5: find mean, variance and one-generation loss probability. Explain why the two calculations answer different questions.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Four equal phenotype classes1–4 have contribution weights0.4,0.8,1.2,1.6. Compute selected mean; assume only one-quarter of its difference from2.5 is inherited. Separately200 encounters yield mating probability0.6 and conditional fertile-adult probability0.25; find stage counts. Give a limitation of each causal inference.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Haploid A frequency changes0.2→0.5 and a possible donor population has p0.8. Fit selection-only w and migration-only replacement m. Describe one independent evidence packet that could reject each explanation and one reason neither fit rules out drift.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Four taxa A,B,C,D have core columns1100,1010,1001,1000 plus one1100 and one1010. Score splitsAB|CD,AC|BD,AD|BC under unordered binary minimum changes. Explain why duplicating a column is not independent evidence and propose a useful additional observation.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
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Matrix1?00,1010,1100 gives what three split scores? How do they change if B in the first column is observed1? Separately, in(((A,B),C),D), does the setB,C excludingA become a clade after a rotation?
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Locus labels are45AB|CD,40AC|BD,15AD|BC. State the largest fraction and why it is not automatically a species-tree probability. Separately reference divergence0.04 has supplied calibration8–12Myr and target0.08 under a strict equal-rate clock. Derive the target bounds and explain why a fossil minimum8Myr alone would not support them.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Five common species have per-visit detection0.8 and five rare0.5. Find expected detected richness after two independent visits. Separately use rooted((A:1,B:1):1,(C:1,D:5):1) to compare pairAB withAD for richness and unique rooted branch sum. Name an inference neither calculation establishes.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
At 50 pixels/µm and resolution 0.5 µm, compare a 2 µm bacterial example with a 0.1 µm particle: displayed widths and width/resolution ratios. Separately 100 carbon units include 60 from CO2 and 50 ATP units include 20 from light. Reconstruct remaining inputs and identify unsupported biological conclusions.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Sixty mol electron equivalents send one-third to O2→water and the rest to nitrate-N(+5)→N2. Find O2 consumed, nitrateN reduced, N2 formed. Separately 100 cells undergo 30 binary divisions and 10 losses. Find daughter production and final count; name what neither ledger establishes.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Ideal hyphae have radius 4 µm, total volume 4000 µm³ and uptake density 0.01 amount/µm²/interval. Find lateral area, area/volume and supplied uptake bound. For a selected fungal sequence withn 6, compare dikaryotic and replicated diploid compartments for nuclei, chromosomes per nucleus, total DNA and ploidy.
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Using plant carbon 100, association cost 20, output cap 5×availableN, baseline N10 and fungal transfer 4, compare plant outputs and fungal carbon benefit 20−2×transfer. Separately process 80 carbon units at biomass fraction 0.3, substrate C:N50 and biomass C:N10. Reconstruct carbon and nitrogen inventories and state the external feasibility requirement.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
A plant has n = 6. Give unreplicated chromosome counts in a spore, gametophyte nucleus, zygote, typical endosperm and maternal seed coat. Name which transition makes spores and which makes gametes. Separately a wood radius grows from 3 to 4 mm; calculate the added area and fractional increase.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
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Root solute potential is −1 MPa, pressure +0.8 MPa, soil total −0.4 MPa. Find root total and inward driving difference. Separately compare 20 ideal conduits of radius 30 µm against 100 of radius 10 µm at fixed length/viscosity/pressure difference. Calculate relative conductance and resistance; state two omitted biological constraints.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
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Use A = 20g/(0.2+g) and E = 5gD at g = 0.4, D = 1. Find A, E and A/E with supplied units. Separately phloem source/sink pressures are 0.8/0.4 MPa, resistance 2 MPa·h/mL and sugar 0.5 mmol/mL. Find solution and sugar flux. Why is high A/E not automatically maximum growth?
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Growth requires 2 N and 0.2 P per unit; available N = 4 and P = 0.8. Find output and leftovers. For signal left 0/right 1, use shoot 1+2c/(1+c) and root 1/(1+c): find right-minus-left differences. Finally apply the supplied night thresholds to 16 dark hours with a midpoint interruption.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
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A fictional plant has ten ovules, resource budget 120 and requirement 20 per mature seed. Compare four and eight fertilized ovules. Explain which evidence would distinguish pollen-arrival limitation, fertilization failure and postfertilization allocation, without treating mature-seed count alone as a diagnosis.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
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An ideal body has edge 3 mm and folding factor 2. Find area, volume, area/volume and relative diffusion time against 1 mm. Separately 100 ingested energy units have assimilation fraction 0.7 and maintenance 50. Reconstruct the full energy budget and explain why more surface alone cannot identify a growth mechanism.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
For equal-capacity countercurrent exchange k=1, donor inlet 80 and recipient inlet 0, calculate transfer, both outlets and local gradient. Separately use S=P²/(P²+20²), arterial P=100, venous P=20, capacity 200 mL/L and flow 5 L/min. Find extracted oxygen flux. Explain why neither calculation is a complete animal respiratory prediction.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Filtered load 100, reabsorbed fraction 0.8 and secreted load 10: find excretion and verify inputs/outputs. For 40 N units and water budget 20, use supplied per-N water/energy costs ammonia 5/0, urea 2/1, urate 0.5/3. Which strategy passes water and what does that not establish?
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Thermal target 35, ambient 20, loss coefficient 2 and heat capacity limit 20: find required heat and equilibrium. Neural resting voltage −70 with six +4 inputs and three −3 inputs: test threshold −55. Endocrine production 6/(1+C/1), removal C: find equilibrium. Explain why these three outputs are not the same kind of physiological claim.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
A load of 40 N acts at 10 cm with muscle arm 4 cm; find muscle force and work for a 1 cm load displacement. An unrelated antigen after five doubling rounds starts 10 cells in each group; find counts and ratio. A harsh-environment reproductive budget 100 with investment 3 and survival 0.02a² gives what expected survivors? State one missing outcome for each inference.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Group means are neither 20, cue only 20+a, experience only 30, both 30+a+b. Use a=5,b=−10 to find cue contrasts and interaction. Compare a food reward 12 with search 3/handling 5 against reference 6 with search 2/handling 2. Separately r=0.75,B=6,C=5: find the simple weighted difference. Explain why none alone establishes an adaptive cause.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Survivorship is 1,0.6,0.3 at ages 0,1,2 with no age-0 offspring. Compare fecundities (2,2) and (1,4): R0 and cohort reproductive-age mean. Separately J′=A,A′=0.2J+0.5A from J100/A50: find next stages, first census ratio and dominant multiplier.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Use the competition model at N1=40,N2=30,K1=100,K2=80,r=0.2,alpha=beta=1. Find current population rates and rare-invasion rates. For one consumer at prey density50,attack0.2,handling0.5, find intake and handling fraction. What extra evidence is needed for coexistence or cycles?
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Gross production1000,producer respiration200,consumed NPP fraction0.5,assimilation0.4 and production/assimilation0.5: close every terminal pathway. Separately occupancy0.4,c0.2,e0.4: find initial occupancy rate and nonnegative equilibrium. Distinguish production rate, biomass and occupancy.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Impact/reference before values40/50 change by0/−10. Reconstruct after values and reference-adjusted contrast. Before reading feedback, propose an archived-data ecological survey that could distinguish recovery of richness, composition and function; specify independent units, detection consistency, pre-trends and one falsifying result.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Initial haploid A frequency 0.4, relative contribution A1.5/B1, then replacement migrants fraction 0.2 with A0.8, detection A0.8/B0.4. Find each stage and observed composition. Compare neutral contribution with migration 0.4. What cannot be identified from the endpoint?
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
A molecular-clock packet uses reference divergence 0.04 with reference split time 10±2 Myr and target divergence 0.06 under equal constant per-lineage rates. Find target age bounds. For ten species, five detected per visit with probability 0.8 and five with 0.2, find expected species seen after three independent visits. Explain why neither calculation establishes a species tree from one gene.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Decomposed substrate contains 100 carbon units at C:N50. Microbial carbon yield 0.4 and biomass C:N10: find biomass carbon, respired carbon, released substrate N, required biomass N and external N requirement. Separately 20 electron units go entirely to O2 reduction at 4 electrons/O2. What inference is unsupported?
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Root solute potential−1 MPa, pressure+0.8, soil total−0.4: find root total and inward difference. Growth costs 2 N/0.2 P with available 4 N/0.8 P: output and leftovers? For typical angiosperm n 6, count unreplicated embryo/endosperm/seed-coat chromosomes.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Equal-capacity countercurrent exchange k 2, D100 gives what recipient/donor outlets and local gradient? Thermal target 35, ambient 20, capacity 20, loss coefficient 2 gives what equilibrium? Endocrine production 6/(1+C/3), removal C gives what equilibrium? Distinguish the three evidence boundaries.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Cohort survivorship 1, 0.6, 0.3 and fecundity 0, 1, 4: R0 and mean reproductive age? Gross production 1000, producer respiration 400, herbivore consumption 0.3 of NPP, assimilation 0.4 and production/assimilation 0.5: close all energy pathways. Patch c 0.2, e 0.4 at p 0.4: initial rate and equilibrium?
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Survey before sites T1/T2/C1/C2 are 20/30/40/50. Common true trend+5 and treatment-specific change+10; treatment-after detection 0.75, all other detection 1. Reconstruct every after value and raw/adjusted contrast. Then propose two competing organismal/resource explanations for the adjusted change and an independent observation that could reject each. Retain a first report before public feedback.
Include calculations with units, source or dataset provenance, assumptions, competing explanations and limitations as relevant. The draft is saved but is not a locked response until submitted.
0/3 responses retained. No recorded feedback exposure for this task version. Earlier versions may already be familiar. Public inspectability still prevents certification of unfamiliarity.
Reviewer identity and role are declarations, not authenticated credentials. Unsaved review fields below are lost on navigation. Review every criterion with an exact quotation, calculation or evidence citation and a next step.
Produce a retained, independently critiqued biological argument using all six SC02 modules. The authored course supplies models, source-backed mechanisms, public practice and evidence records; it does not fabricate fieldwork, specimen competence or institutional credit.
Define population, lineage, life stage, spatial/time frame and independent observation units. Preserve a first prediction and at least two competing reproductive, movement, physiological or environmental mechanisms.
Evidence to retain: Original plan, causal diagram, exposure/assistance declaration and mechanism-specific falsifiers.
Reconstruct a frequency-stage chain and a phylogenetic/clock or biodiversity-detection comparison. Explain founder/drift, gene-history and calibration alternatives without equating exact fit with identification.
Evidence to retain: Replayable settings, complete denominators and a rejected alternative with source support.
Close a microbial carbon/nitrogen or electron ledger and a plant water/resource/developmental comparison. Identify which independent biological evidence would connect these mechanisms to the population claim.
Evidence to retain: Two complete material/tissue ledgers, feasibility boundary and stated untested causal links.
Use an animal transport/regulation or life-stage model plus demographic/community/food-web evidence. Distinguish physiological capacity, cohort timing, current growth and ecosystem rate/stock boundaries.
Evidence to retain: Original comparative explanation, quantitative cross-check and an observation that could overturn it.
Freeze the complete first argument with all six module connections. Obtain substantive criterion-linked human critique addressing a causal alternative, a numerical boundary and an evidence limitation; preserve a justified revision separately.
Evidence to retain: Immutable first report, human review, cited evidence, response to critique and revision history.
A reviewer supplies a new population/site packet changing detection, life stage, resource boundary or mechanism order. Retain the new prompt and prediction before resolving it; disclose public feedback and assistance.
Evidence to retain: New assignment, first independent response, reasoning review and explicit unmet actual practical or learner-validation gates.
Retain raw-data identifiers, provenance, units, prior predictions, methods, calculations, competing explanations and safety boundaries. State explicitly when data are simulated, supplied or genuinely observed. This saved text cannot verify a real experiment; do not invent measurements or completed supervised work. Maximum 12,000 characters; retain larger evidence files separately and cite them.
A nonempty report is only a saved submission. First and revised reports remain separate and cannot be overwritten. A critique of the first report is required before retaining one revision.
The reviewer changes the observation process, genotype/lineage meaning or organismal limiting resource while preserving the headline population trend. Rebuild only the affected evidence links, explain what remains identifiable and defend a revised conclusion without retroactively editing the first report.
A human must supply the actual new task, evidence and conditions before the learner responds. The transfer-direction text is not itself an unseen assessment. Use the retained assignment form after the first project; exposed public task identifier: expanded-public:college-biology2.
Science backups preserve each course's separate responses, exposure, rubric reviews and project history. Older backups do not reset attempts or erase known exposure. Divergent same-version immutable responses and incompatible same-version project histories are rejected rather than silently replaced; preserve both files for review.
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