SCIENCE · INVESTIGATE AND EXPLAIN

Ask a question that can be tested

Separate a question, a model and a prediction.

Learning outcome: Choose a measurement that could contradict an explanation.

Starting recap

A model predicts an output for a specified input. Two models can agree in one case.

All lessons are open directly. Your saved experiments remain when you leave and return.

Try

A ruler stays at 4 cm in model A. In model B it grows by 2 cm each second.

Open the experiment

Predict

At which time will the two explanations be hardest to distinguish?

Your prediction and reason

Experiment

Compare times 1, 2 and 3 seconds with the same error bound. Capture an agreeing and a disagreeing case.

Choose a discriminating input

Worked teaching model · synthetic values · Model A predicts 4 cm; model B predicts 2 cm/s × input time. Each prediction has a bounded measurement interval, not a probabilistic confidence interval.

Input setting: 2 s Absolute measurement error bound: 0.5 cm

Reset keeps your prediction, captures and practice history.

Calculated values on the same fixed scale
Row	Quantity	Value (cm)
1	Model A prediction	4
2	Model B prediction	4
3	Prediction separation	0
4	Combined interval half-widths	1

The bounded prediction intervals overlap.

A test separates these bounded predictions only when |4 − 2t| > 2 × error bound. A larger gap helps only within the stated model domains. Neither model is established as true by choosing this input.

Observation to attach to a capture

Captures preserve recipes and replay their calculated results. They are synthetic model evidence, not physical measurements.

Understand

A prediction connects a model to an observation

“Does the object grow?” is a question. “Its length stays at 4 cm” is model A. “Its length increases by 2 cm each second from zero” is model B. A prediction specifies what each model expects at a chosen time.

At 1 second, A predicts 4 cm and B predicts 2 cm. At 2 seconds both predict 4 cm. At 3 seconds their predictions are 4 and 6 cm. Measuring only at 2 seconds cannot separate these models, even with a perfect instrument.

The rule for B is length = rate × time. Rate is 2 cm/s; time is measured in seconds; multiplying leaves centimetres. The rule is a teaching assumption, not an observed law about real objects.

Choose a question that permits disagreement

A useful investigation describes the object, the input, the measurement and the competing outcomes. A vague instruction such as “look carefully” does not say which result would change your explanation.

The lab displays both predictions so you can design a test. It does not generate an independent physical observation. Save one setting where the predictions agree and one where they differ. Explain which would provide more information and what a real measurement would still need to establish.

A model’s agreement with one observation is support only for that particular prediction. Other models may make the same prediction. Scientific explanations become stronger through different tests that expose different weaknesses.

Apply

Public practice checks a specific claim. It does not establish independent mastery.

Explain why agreement at one input does not select a model.

Your explanation and limitations

Continue

Completion requires a saved prediction, at least one capture and a reflection. Presence checks do not grade your reasoning.

Skipping retains experiments and awards no mastery.

Next: Choose evidence that separates explanations

Save a science backup or import one

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