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Mathematics · unit version 1

Sections, solid measures and geometric design

School-entry solid geometry develops section and rotation reasoning, justified polygon and slab limits, Cavalieri comparisons, contextual volume calculations and density-based design. Exact computations and written arguments supply reviewable evidence; this unit does not claim complete geometry mastery.

Open any lesson. Completion records participation; automatic practice checks and human judgment of written arguments are separate. This unit retains its own versioned requirements.

Readiness and preparation

Check your starting point

Try these short questions on paper, then compare your reasoning. They are optional self-checks, not a placement score or a navigation requirement. Use a targeted review when useful and return with your browser’s Back control.

How do length, area and volume change under a scale factor k?

Sections and similar cones use different powers of a length scale.

Compare reasoning and find a refresher

For k>0, lengths multiply by k, areas by k² and volumes by k³. A cross-section area needs square units; multiplying it by a perpendicular thickness gives cubic units.

Review similarity and scaling

What does a perpendicular height measure?

A sloping edge is not the height used in a volume formula.

Compare reasoning and find a refresher

Height is the distance between parallel base planes, measured perpendicular to them. A right triangle can relate it to a sloping length when the corresponding right angle is justified.

Review Pythagoras and its conditions

When may areas be added or subtracted?

Composite solids and removed material need a valid decomposition.

Compare reasoning and find a refresher

Add non-overlapping pieces (shared boundaries do not contribute area). Subtract a hole only if it is actually contained in the original region. Track the same units throughout.

Review area decomposition

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Solid geometry: sections, limits and design evidence

The mixed assessment has separate response history and review criteria; it does not change lesson participation records.

Lesson sequence

Each linked lesson opens on its own page. Expand its details here when you want to check the objectives before choosing.

  1. Read a solid through its sections

    Lesson details and objectives

    Distinguish a planar slice, a projection and a three-dimensional object.

    • Identify section shapes from a specified cutting plane.
    • Use distances and edge intersections to justify a section construction.
    • Explain why one outline or a few matching slices do not determine a solid.

    6 practice tasks.

  2. Predict what a rotating region fills

    Lesson details and objectives

    Track distance from a declared axis instead of naming a silhouette.

    • Construct the solid generated by a planar region rotating about a specified axis.
    • Distinguish rotating a boundary from rotating a filled region.
    • Recognize holes and explain how changing the axis changes dimensions.

    6 practice tasks.

  3. Explain circle formulas by polygon bounds

    Lesson details and objectives

    Use nested polygons to justify circumference and area limits.

    • Explain why similar circles have a constant circumference-to-diameter ratio.
    • Bound circle area using inscribed and circumscribed polygons.
    • Show why the polygon bounds approach one value without claiming a finite polygon is a circle.

    6 practice tasks.

  4. Compare volumes through complete section rules

    Lesson details and objectives

    Connect base times height to tiling, extrusion and Cavalieri comparison.

    • Derive prism and cylinder volume from base area and perpendicular height.
    • State the same-height section-area conditions for Cavalieri comparison.
    • Reject finite-sample or slant-height substitutes for a full section argument.

    6 practice tasks.

  5. Derive the one-third volume factor

    Lesson details and objectives

    Use similarity and finite slab bounds to justify pyramid and cone volume.

    • Derive the squared area scaling of parallel sections.
    • Obtain the one-third factor through finite sums and a shrinking bound gap.
    • Apply the formula using perpendicular height and distinguish oblique solids.

    6 practice tasks.

  6. Recover sphere volume from a comparison solid

    Lesson details and objectives

    Match every sphere section with a cylinder minus two cones.

    • Derive circular section area from the sphere equation and Pythagoras.
    • Construct a same-height section-area comparison using a cylinder and two cones.
    • Obtain sphere volume and identify the role of Cavalieri rather than finite sampling.

    6 practice tasks.

  7. Choose and test a model for a measured object

    Lesson details and objectives

    Compare idealized solid predictions against synthetic measurements.

    • Select a geometric approximation and state ignored features.
    • Apply cylinder, pyramid, cone and sphere volumes in contextual units.
    • Compare predictions with bounded observations without claiming empirical calibration.

    6 practice tasks.

  8. Make density and design decisions from geometry

    Lesson details and objectives

    Choose denominators, compare feasible designs and report model limits.

    • Calculate area and volume densities with consistent units.
    • Compare candidate designs against capacity, material and shape constraints.
    • Explain uniform-density and thin-wall assumptions and justify a feasible choice.

    6 practice tasks.