Work across seven domains: reconstruct history, compare mechanisms, calculate with units and challenge a conclusion.
These 14 public cases sample all seven Earth-course domains. Each asks for a numerical response or evidence choice and a written explanation. Original stipulated scenarios are identified in their prompts; historical observations retain their source context. Explain the assumptions, an alternative and the evidence that could change your conclusion.
Record your reasoning before submitting. The first numerical or choice response stays recorded; explanation drafts remain editable and are not a locked first-attempt record. Feedback and keys are public in this static application. Three attempts per case support practice, not a secure examination or independently demonstrated understanding.
0/14 cases attempted; 0/14 first responses match the public keys. Unattempted cases provide no evidence. Neither count changes lesson completion or awards course mastery. Repeated or imported exposure remains known.
Reconstruct a relative history
A stipulated undisturbed sequence has horizontal layer A below B. A dike cuts both layers. An erosion surface truncates both layers and the dike. Which ordering is supported?
Include your reasoning before recording a response. Explain the mechanism, evidence and assumptions. This saved draft stays editable after feedback; it is not a locked first-attempt explanation and is not automatically graded.
0/3 attempts recorded. No recorded feedback exposure in this notebook.
Challenge a closed isotope clock
A stipulated closed sample retains 1/8 of its original radioactive parent. The half-life is 12 million years, with no initial daughter in this teaching clock. What age follows under these assumptions?
Include your reasoning before recording a response. Explain the mechanism, evidence and assumptions. This saved draft stays editable after feedback; it is not a locked first-attempt explanation and is not automatically graded.
0/3 attempts recorded. No recorded feedback exposure in this notebook.
Separate travel distance from map radius
In a homogeneous teaching medium, P speed is 6 km/s, S speed is 4 km/s and the observed S−P lag is 5 s. What source-to-station path distance follows? Explain separately why unknown source depth prevents treating this automatically as horizontal map radius.
Include your reasoning before recording a response. Explain the mechanism, evidence and assumptions. This saved draft stays editable after feedback; it is not a locked first-attempt explanation and is not automatically graded.
0/3 attempts recorded. No recorded feedback exposure in this notebook.
Use a historical counterexample
The frozen January–February Kīlauea packet reports deformation and earthquakes but no magma reaching the surface. The June 9 follow-up reports continuing inflation after effusion ended. Which claim survives these records?
Include your reasoning before recording a response. Explain the mechanism, evidence and assumptions. This saved draft stays editable after feedback; it is not a locked first-attempt explanation and is not automatically graded.
0/3 attempts recorded. No recorded feedback exposure in this notebook.
Compare equal storm totals
A sealed teaching store has capacity 40 mm, starts with 10 mm and admits at most 15 mm/hour. No drainage, evaporation or ponding occurs. Compare 20 mm/hour for two hours with 10 mm/hour for four hours. How much runoff leaves in EACH case?
Include your reasoning before recording a response. Explain the mechanism, evidence and assumptions. This saved draft stays editable after feedback; it is not a locked first-attempt explanation and is not automatically graded.
0/3 attempts recorded. No recorded feedback exposure in this notebook.
Distinguish alteration from export
A supplied fictional field card reports rock fragments still in place, mineral-derived dissolved ions leaving the site, and previously stored sediment later carried away. Which interpretation respects the different observations?
Include your reasoning before recording a response. Explain the mechanism, evidence and assumptions. This saved draft stays editable after feedback; it is not a locked first-attempt explanation and is not automatically graded.
0/3 attempts recorded. No recorded feedback exposure in this notebook.
Audit a short weather interval
At Denver, frozen NOAA record 4 is 2022-12-21 22:53 UTC at 5.6°C; record 5 is 23:00 UTC at −8.3°C. Both wind bearings are FROM 50°, and record 5 sea-level pressure is missing. What is temperature B minus A? Explain the time interval and missing-pressure limitation.
Include your reasoning before recording a response. Explain the mechanism, evidence and assumptions. This saved draft stays editable after feedback; it is not a locked first-attempt explanation and is not automatically graded.
0/3 attempts recorded. No recorded feedback exposure in this notebook.
Balance opposing density contributions
For hypothetical parcels at the same reference pressure, use ONLY the illustrative rule ρ = 1027 − 0.2(T−10) + 0.8(S−35) kg/m³. Upper T=12°C and dimensionless teaching salinity S=36; lower T=10°C and S=35. What is upper minus lower density?
Include your reasoning before recording a response. Explain the mechanism, evidence and assumptions. This saved draft stays editable after feedback; it is not a locked first-attempt explanation and is not automatically graded.
0/3 attempts recorded. No recorded feedback exposure in this notebook.
Account for stored energy
Across a stated boundary, net absorbed radiation is 240 W/m² and outgoing radiation is 235 W/m² for one hour. Fluxes and area are constant and there are no other energy exchanges. How much energy per area is stored?
Include your reasoning before recording a response. Explain the mechanism, evidence and assumptions. This saved draft stays editable after feedback; it is not a locked first-attempt explanation and is not automatically graded.
0/3 attempts recorded. No recorded feedback exposure in this notebook.
Interpret an assessed contribution
The frozen IPCC AR6 SPM.2 record concerns 2010–2019 relative to 1850–1900: observed warming center 1.06°C (very likely range0.88–1.21), total human influence center1.07°C (likely range0.8–1.3). Which conclusion respects the source assessment and this activity?
Include your reasoning before recording a response. Explain the mechanism, evidence and assumptions. This saved draft stays editable after feedback; it is not a locked first-attempt explanation and is not automatically graded.
0/3 attempts recorded. No recorded feedback exposure in this notebook.
Separate phase from changing illumination
A supplied spherical object has the same illuminated hemisphere under fixed distant lighting. Two observers at different positions see different fractions of that hemisphere. Which explanation is consistent with the stated geometry?
Include your reasoning before recording a response. Explain the mechanism, evidence and assumptions. This saved draft stays editable after feedback; it is not a locked first-attempt explanation and is not automatically graded.
0/3 attempts recorded. No recorded feedback exposure in this notebook.
Transfer an orbital scaling
Two stipulated circular orbits have the same dominant central mass. The second orbital radius is four times the first. Under Kepler scaling, what is the second period divided by the first?
Include your reasoning before recording a response. Explain the mechanism, evidence and assumptions. This saved draft stays editable after feedback; it is not a locked first-attempt explanation and is not automatically graded.
0/3 attempts recorded. No recorded feedback exposure in this notebook.
Retain conflicting spectral evidence
An original artificial reference set gives candidate X features400/500 nm and candidate Y features450/550 nm. A calibrated record has features400/550 nm, each within±0.1 nm matching bounds. Can either listed single candidate explain BOTH observed features?
Include your reasoning before recording a response. Explain the mechanism, evidence and assumptions. This saved draft stays editable after feedback; it is not a locked first-attempt explanation and is not automatically graded.
0/3 attempts recorded. No recorded feedback exposure in this notebook.
Test a shared distance recalibration
For an original controlled sample, H = Σ(d×cz)/Σd² is fitted through the origin. Every independent distance is revised upward25% while all redshift proxies cz stay fixed. What is new H divided by old H?
Include your reasoning before recording a response. Explain the mechanism, evidence and assumptions. This saved draft stays editable after feedback; it is not a locked first-attempt explanation and is not automatically graded.
0/3 attempts recorded. No recorded feedback exposure in this notebook.
Bring the reasoning to review
A reviewer should check your calculations, evidence integrity, model assumptions and alternatives across these domains, then assign an unfamiliar task and review your project revision. Correct public responses alone do not establish practical technique or independent investigation.
Science work is stored locally in this browser, separately from mathematics and AI. It does not sync automatically. Use this science-only backup; this checkout's older all-subject export does not include science.
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Matching imported notebook drafts replace their current drafts. Omitted lessons and known first attempts remain. Export your current work first if you want to retain both drafts.
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