Learn Derive a finite probability guarantee, plan a sample size and audit whether the data-collection mechanism supports the proof.
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The variance proof needs pairwise cross terms to vanish, not a binomial joint distribution.
No. Independence for every pair is weaker than joint independence of all observations. Check the sampling mechanism before using either claim.
Copied or clustered rows cannot be counted as independent observations.
The variance of a sum includes twice each pair covariance as well as individual variances. Dropping nonzero covariance can give a false precision guarantee.
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Derive a finite error guarantee from squared deviations, then audit endpoints, dependent sampling designs and simultaneous claims.
6 practice tasks.